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Sunday, December 7, 2008

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Friday, March 28, 2008

How to Install Windows Server 2008 Step by Step in GUI

Installing Windows Server 2008 is pretty straightforward but process is different than it used to be in previous Microsoft operating systems, and notably much easier to perform.

especially for a server OS. Administrators can partition the system's hard drives during setup. More importantly, they can install the necessary AHCI or RAID storage drivers from a CD/DVD or even a USB thumb drive. Thus, error-prone floppies can finally be sent to the garbage bin.

Note: Windows Server 2008 can also be installed as a Server Core installation, which is a cut-down version of Windows without the Windows Explorer GUI. Because you don’t have the Windows Explorer to provide the GUI interface that you are used to, you configure everything through the command line interface or remotely using a Microsoft Management Console (MMC). The Server Core can be used for dedicated machines with basic roles such as Domain controller/Active Directory Domain Services, DNS Server, DHCP Server, file server, print server, Windows Media Server, IIS 7 web server and Windows Server Virtualization virtual server. For Server Core installations please see my

To use Windows Server 2008 you need to meet the following hardware requirements:

Component	Requirement
Processor	• Minimum: 1GHz (x86 processor) or 1.4GHz (x64 processor) • Recommended: 2GHz or faster Note: An Intel Itanium 2 processor is required for Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems
Memory	• Minimum: 512MB RAM • Recommended: 2GB RAM or greater • Maximum (32-bit systems): 4GB (Standard) or 64GB (Enterprise and Datacenter) • Maximum (64-bit systems): 32GB (Standard) or 2TB (Enterprise, Datacenter and Itanium-based Systems)
Available Disk Space	• Minimum: 10GB • Recommended: 40GB or greater Note: Computers with more than 16GB of RAM will require more disk space for paging, hibernation, and dump files
Drive	DVD-ROM drive
Display and Peripherals	• Super VGA (800 x 600) or higher-resolution monitor • Keyboard • Microsoft Mouse or compatible pointing device

Upgrade notes:

I will not discuss the upgrade process in this article, but for your general knowledge, the upgrade paths available for Windows Server 2008 shown in the table below:

If you are currently running:	You can upgrade to:
Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition (R2, Service Pack 1 or Service Pack 2)	Full Installation of Windows Server 2008 Standard Edition Full Installation of Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition
Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Edition (R2, Service Pack 1 or Service Pack 2)	Full Installation of Windows Server 2008 Enterprise Edition
Windows Server 2003 Datacenter Edition (R2, Service Pack 1 or Service Pack 2)	Full Installation of Windows Server 2008 Datacenter Edition

Follow this procedure to install Windows Server 2008:

1. Insert the appropriate Windows Server 2008 installation media into your DVD drive. (If you don't have an installation DVD for Windows Server 2008, you can download one for free from Microsoft website)

2. Reboot the computer.

3.Change the Boot device settings and select the first boot devices as DVD-ROM drive

4 Server will reboot and loads the file which is required for installations

5. When prompted for an installation language and other regional options, make your selection and press Next

6. Next, press Install Now to begin the installation process.

7. Product activation is now also identical with that found in Windows Vista. Enter your Product ID in the next window, and if you want to automatically activate Windows the moment the installation finishes, click Next. If you do not have the Product ID available right now, you can leave the box empty, and click Next. You will need to provide the Product ID later, after the server installation is over. Press No.

8 Because you did not provide the correct ID, the installation process cannot determine what kind of Windows Server 2008 license you own, and therefore you will be prompted to select your correct version in the next screen, assuming you are telling the truth and will provide the correct ID to prove your selection later on.

9.If you did provide the right Product ID, select the Full version of the right Windows version you're prompted, and click Next.

10 Read and accept the license terms by clicking to select the checkbox and pressing Next.

11. In the "Which type of installation do you want?" window, click the only available option – Custom (Advanced).

12. In the "Where do you want to install Windows?", if you're installing the server on a regular IDE hard disk, click to select the first disk, usually Disk 0, and click Next.

If you're installing on a hard disk that's connected to a SCSI controller, click Load Driver and insert the media provided by the controller's manufacturer.

If you must, you can also click Drive Options and manually create a partition on the destination hard disk.

13. The installation now begins, and you can go and have lunch. Copying the setup files from the DVD to the hard drive only takes about one minute. However, extracting and uncompressing the files takes a good deal longer. After 20 minutes, the operating system is installed. The exact time it takes to install server core depends upon your hardware specifications. Faster disks will perform much faster installs… Windows Server 2008 takes up approximately 10 GB of hard drive space. The installation process will reboot your computer, so, if in step #10 you inserted a floppy disk (either real or virtual), make sure you remove it before going to lunch, as you'll find the server hanged without the ability to boot (you can bypass this by configuring the server to boot from a CD/DVD and then from the hard disk in the booting order on the server's BIOS)

14. Then the server reboots you'll be prompted with the new Windows Server 2008 type of login screen. Press CTRL+ALT+DEL to log in.

15.Click on Other User.

16. The default Administrator is blank, so just type Administrator and press Enter.

17.You will be prompted to change the user's password. You have no choice but to press Ok.

18. In the password changing dialog box, leave the default password blank (duh, read step #15…), and enter a new, complex, at-least-7-Alfa numeric characters-long new password twice. A password like it Make sure you remember it.

19.Finally, the desktop appears and that's it, you're logged on and can begin working. You will be greeted by an assistant for the initial server configuration, and after performing some initial configuration tasks, you will be able to start working.

Monday, March 24, 2008

Free Tutors on Fibre Chanel cables, plugs and signal encoding

Tutors on Fibre Chanel cables, plugs and signal encoding

Fibre Chanel deﬁnes the physical transmission medium (cable, plug) and speciﬁes which physical signals are used to transmit the bits '0' and '1'. In contrast to the SCSI bus, in which each bit has its own data line plus additional control lines. Fibre Channel transmits the bits sequentially via a single line. In general, buses come up against the problem that the signals have a different transit time on the different data lines (skew), which means tha the speed can only be increased to a limited degree in buses. The different signal transit times can be visualized as the hand rail in an escalator that runs faster or slower than the escalator stairs themselves. Fibre Channel therefore transmits the bits serially. This means that, in contrast to the parallel bus, a high transfer rate is possible even over long distances. The high transfer rate of serial transmission more than compensates for the parallel lines of a bus. Transfer rates of 200 MByte/s are currently (2003) standard; we expect that in 2004 the ﬁrs products will support 400 MByte/s and 1 GByte/s. When considering the transfer rate i should be noted that in the fabric and point-to-point topologies the transfer is bi-directional and full-duplex, which means that today the transfer rate of 200 MByte/s is available in

each direction. Fibre Channel deﬁnes various cable types (Table 3.2) for copper and ﬁbre-optic cable where the higher speeds only support ﬁber-optic. Various plug types are deﬁned both for copper cable and for ﬁber-optic cable. Figure 3.10 shows various plug types for ﬁber-optic cable. Apart from their different dimensions, no technical advantages are associated with the various types. Copper cables are subdivided into 'intracabinet' cables and 'intercabinet' cables. Intra-cabinet cables are designed for cabling within an enclosure, they are less well shielded against electromagnetic interference – and thus cheaper – than inter cabinet cable, which can be used to connect up devices outside the limits of enclosures. Fiber-optic cables are more expensive than copper cables. They do, however, have some advantages:

• greater distances possible than with copper cable;

• insensitivity to electromagnetic interference;

• no electromagnetic radiation;

• no electrical connection between the devices;

• no danger of 'cross-talking'.

Different cable and plug types are also deﬁned for ﬁber-optic cable. Cables for long distances are more expensive than those for short distances. The dentitions of various cables makes it possible to choose the most economical technology for each distance to be bridged. With 1 GByte Fibre Channel there will be some innovations in ﬁber-optic cables. First, a new cable type has been introduced – the 50 micron high bandwidth cable – with which greater distances can be spanned than with a conventional 50 micron cable. Second, it will be possible to multiplex the data stream over four connections. This may occur ﬁrst

by distributing the data over four ﬁber-optic pairs (4 lines). In another variant, Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM), these four physical lines are replaced by four signals in different frequency ranges, so that one physical pair of lines is sufficient. In practice, we will have to wait and see which of these different cable variants the industry will actually support with real products for 1 GByte Fibre Channel. For all media, the Fibre Channel standard demands that a single bit error may occur at most once in every 1012 transmitted bits. On average, this means that for a 100 Mbit/s connection under full load a bit error may occur only every 16.6 minutes. The error recognition and handling mechanisms of the higher protocol layers are optimized for the maintenance of this error rate. Therefore, when installing a Fibre Channel network it is recommended that the cable is properly laid so that the bit error rate of 1012 is, where

possible, also achieved for connections from end device to end device, i.e. including all components connected in between such as repeaters and switches.

The distance information in Table 3.2 speciﬁes the minimum distances at which the error rate can reliably be kept within the stipulated ﬁgure, given the current state of technology and proper laying of the cable during the timeframe the standard was ratiﬁed. Technical improvements and proper laying of the cable make it possible for even greater distances to be bridged in actual installations. Today (2003), distances up to several 10 kilometres are supported for 200 MByte/s. The reduction in the supported cable lengths could represent a problem when upgrading the equipment of an existing Fibre Channel SAN to a higher speed, thus it should be checked in advance, whether a given distance can be bridged at the higher speed as well.

know more about Remote mirroring and Instant copies (intlligent disk subsystems)

know more about Remote mirroring
Instant copies are excellently suited for the copying of data sets within disk subsystems.However, they can only be used to a limited degree for data protection. Although data copies generated using instant copy protect against application errors (accidental deletion of a ﬁle system) and logical errors (errors in the database program), they do not protectagainst the failure of a disk subsystem. Something as simple as a power failure can prevent access to production data and data copies for several hours. A ﬁre in the disk subsystem would destroy original data and data copies. For data protection, therefore, the proximity of production data and data copies is fatal.Remote mirroring offers protection against such catastrophes. Modern disk subsystem scan now mirror their data, or part of their data, independently to a second disk subsystem,which is a long way away. The entire remote mirroring operation is handled by the two participating disk subsystems. Remote mirroring is invisible to application servers and does not consume their resources. However, remote mirroring requires resources in the two disk subsystems and in the I/O channel that connects the two disk subsystems together,which means that reductions in performance can sometimes make their way through to the application. application that is designed to achieve high availability using remote mirroring. The application server and the disk subsystem, plus the associated data, are installed in the primary data centre. The disk subsystem independently mirrorsthe application data onto the second disk subsystem that is installed 50 kilometres away in the back-up data centre by means of remote mirroring. Remote mirroring ensures that the application data in the back-up data centre is always kept up-to-date with the time

INTELLIGENT DISK SUBSYSTEMS
Intelligent disk subsystems represent the third level of complexity for controllers afterJBODs and RAID arrays. The controllers of intelligent disk subsystems offer additional functions over and above those offered by RAID. In the disk subsystems that are currently
available on the market these functions are usually instant copies remote mirroring and LUN masking Instant copies can practically copy data sets of several terabytes within a disk subsystem in a few seconds. Virtual copying means that disk subsystems fool the attached servers into believing that they are capable of copying such large data quantities in such a short space of time. The actual copying process takes signiﬁcantly longer. However, the same server, or a second server, can access the practically copied data after a few seconds Instant copies are used, for example, for the generation of test data, for the back-up of data and for the generation of data copies for data mining. Based upon the case study in Section 1.3 it was shown that when copying data using instant copies, attention
should be paid to the consistency of the copied data. Sections 7.8.5 and 7.10.3 discuss in detail the interaction of applications and storage systems for the generation of consistent instant copies.There are numerous alternative implementations for instant copies. One thing that all implementations have in common is that the pretence of being able to copy data in a matter of seconds costs resources. All realizations of instant copies require controller computing time and cache and place a load on internal I/O channels and hard disks. The different implementations of instant copy force the performance down at different times.However, it is not possible to choose the most favourable implementation alternative depending upon the application used because real disk subsystems only ever realize one
implementation alternative of instant copy.Instant copies can practically copy several terabytes of data within a subsystem in a few seconds: server 1 works on the original data (1). The original dpractically copied in a few seconds (2). Then server 2 can work with the data copy, server 1 continues to operate with the original data (3)In the following, two implementation alternatives will be discussed that functi very different ways. At one extreme the data is permanently mirrored (RAID RAID 10). Upon the copy command both mirrors are separated: the separated can then be used independently of the original. After the separation of the mirro production data is no longer protected against the failure of a hard disk. Therefoincrease data protection, three mirrors are often kept prior to the separation of the m
(three-way mirror), so that the production data is always mirrored after the separatthe copy.At the other extreme, no data at all is copied prior to the copy command, only the instant copy has been requested. To achieve this, the controller administers two areas, one for the original data and one for the data copy generated by means of icopy. The controller must ensure that during write and read access operations to ordata or data copies the blocks in question are written to or read from the data arquestion. In some implementations it is permissible to write to the copy, in some not. Some implementations copy just the blocks that have actually changed (partial copy)

others copy all blocks as a background process until a complete copy of the original data has been generated (full copy).
In the following, the case differentiations of the controller will be investigated in more detail based upon the example from Figure 2.18. We will ﬁrst consider access by server 1 to the original data. Read operations are completely unproblematic; they are always served
from the area of the original data. Handling write operations is trickier. If a block is changed for the ﬁrst time since the generation of the instant copy, the controller must ﬁrst copy the old block to the data copy area so that server 2 can continue to access the old
data set. Only then may it write the changed block to the original data area. If a block that has already been changed in this manner has to be written again, it must be written to the original data area. The controller may not even back up the previous version of the
block to the data copy area because otherwise the correct version of the block would be overwritten.The case differentiations for access by server 2 to the data copy generated by means of instant copy are somewhat simpler. In this case, write operations are unproblematic:the controller always writes all blocks to the data copy area. On the other hand, for readoperations it has to establish whether the block in question has already been copied or not. This determines whether it has to read the block from the original data area or readit from the data copy area and forward it to the server.

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